A gluedlaminated timber section with mixedgrade laminae could make an efficient use of material strength and reduce the cost. Mechanical properties of sawn timber from norway spruce. This study analyzed how the quality class a, b, c of pine logs pinus sylvestris l. Timber construction, sawn timber, laminated board, determination, physical properties, mechanical properties, labor atory tests english version timber structures structural timber and glued laminated timber determination of some physical and mechanical properties structures en bois. Wood, panel and structural timber products mechanical. Strength properties common properties mechanical properties most commonly measured and repre. This is an exhaustive programme and can be carried out only after many years of work. Some properties, such as tension parallel to the grain, and all properties for some imported species are based on a more limited. Effects of treatment, incising, and drying on mechanical properties of timber jerrold e.
The major wood products produced in australia include sawn timber, veneers, plywood, particle board and fibre board. Discoloration of heartwood it does not affect the mechanical properties and this defect can be ignored in preservative treated timber. Sep 02, 20 discoloration of heartwood it does not affect the mechanical properties and this defect can be ignored in preservative treated timber. A 4point bending test was conducted on a total of 18 specimens to investigate the mechanical properties of gluedlaminated timber. Wood is the oldest material used by humans for construction after stone masonry. Definition the mechanical properties of wood are its fitness and ability to resist applied or external forces the mechanical properties of wood considered are 1 stiffness and elasticity, 2 tensile strength, 3 compressive or crushing strength, 4 shearing strength, 5 transverse or bending strength, 6 toughness, 7 hardness, 8 cleavability, 9. This lesson covers the physical and mechanical properties of wood. The quality can be ensured by investigating the properties of timber. Effects of treatment, incising, and drying on mechanical. The mechanical property data presented in this chapter were. Mechanical performance of yellowpoplar cross laminated. Mechanical properties strength robusta is a very strong wood. Wood handbookchapter 4mechanical properties of wood. Mechanical properties of wood forest products laboratory.
Wood, panel and structural timber products mechanical properties density, fibre stress, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of clear wood, panel and structural timber products. Mechanical properties of gluedlaminated timber with. The quality of timber must be ensured before using it for a purpose. Download fulltext pdf physical and mechanical properties of timber wooddestroying organism, termite presentation pdf available october 2010 with 3,993 reads. The deviation or the slope in grain from the straight alignment that may be due to disturbing conditions during the growth of the tree is considered a natural defect for construction purpose because many properties of timber are related to the grain. Index numbers table 1 provide a convenient means of.
Mechanical properties and performance of materials samples of engineering materials are subjected to a wide variety of mechanical tests to measure their strength, elastic constants, and other material properties as well as their performance under a variety of actual use conditions and environments. Physical and mechanical properties of cupressus lusitanica as a. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by project gutenberg. Physical properties and moisture relations of wood pdf 495 kb appearance moisture content shrinkage weight, density, and specific gravity working qualities decay resistance thermal properties electrical properties coefficient of friction nuclear radiation chapter 4. Because lamination, the properties in x axis and y axis, axial direction are different. Comparisons of the mechanical properties of timber, steel. Markwabdt, assistant in charge, section of timber mechanics, forest products laboratory, forest service contents page foreword 1 historical. Here we have discussed both physical and mechanical properties of timber which affects timber quality.
The mechanical properties and stability of radiata pine. Standard test methods for mechanical properties of lumber. The mechanical properties and stability of radiata pine structural timber ping xu the new zealand school of forestry university of canterbury abstract investigating stiffness, strength and stability in radiata pine structural timber is significant to the civil engineering, forestry industry and genetic selection in new. Tests to determine the effect of the time rate of applica tion of load on the mechanical properties of timber, including impact tests. Followings are the physical and mechanical properties of timber. Mechanical, physical and chemical properties of wood, heat. Mechanical properties of glued laminated lumbers are depended on the species of. Cost action fp1004, enhance mechanical properties of timber, engineered wood products and timber structures, has a broad mandate. Mechanical performance of yellowpoplar cross laminated timber. The average ovendry density of wood was measured using standard blocks 2cmx2cmx2cm as shown by the following equation. The main sleeper design parameters including rail seat loads, sleeperballast contact pressures and sleeper bending capacities are considered in this investigation. Hardwood plywood physical properties timber products. Comparisons of the mechanical properties of timber, steel and. A1 and abraham, p1 1adamawa state college of agriculture, dept.
Evaluation of defects of timber mould this essentially spoils the appearance of the wood. It is important to note that the density of different types of wood is often below 1. New formulae for the calculation of sleeper design parameters are. The project gutenberg ebook of the mechanical properties of wood. Although the mechanical properties of most wood composites might not be as high as those of solid wood, they provide very consistent and uniform performance. Glulam design properties and layup combinations introduction glued laminated timbers glulam are manufactured by end joining individual pieces of dimension lumber or boards together with structural adhesives to create long length laminations. Mechanical properties refer to the strength characteristics of wood. The study found ntholo to be a very dense timber with high mechanical strength in comparison to well known timbers. In this research, the mechanical behaviour of steel, timber and concrete sleepers is investigated and compared by conducting several laboratory and field tests. Physical properties refer to density and moisture relations that affect its use. This includes not only the anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of. Test samples and mechanical properties test method.
Pdf enhance mechanical properties of timber, engineered. A comparative study on the mechanical properties of. These properties are represented as the average mechanical properties of the species. Mechanical properties of glued laminated lumbers are depended on the species of laminations used. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood.
Assistant professor of forest products, yale university first edition first thousand 1914 by the same author identification of the economic woods of the united states. Straightgrained timber is considered best, other things being the same. Comparative strength properties of woods grown in the united states by l. Elastic deformation e is youngs modulusor modulus of elasticity, has the same units as. These long length laminations are then face bonded together with adhesives to create the desired. Many of the mechanical properties of wood tabulated in this chapter were derived from extensive sampling and analysis procedures. Sap stain which the stain is the most important, does not affect the strength properties of timber.
Top 6 properties of wood and timber used in construction. Physicalmechanical properties and natural durability of. Mechanical performance of yellowpoplar cross laminated timber milad mohamadzadeh abstract crosslaminated timber clt is a structural wood composite material consisting of multilayers of lumber orthogonal to each other creating massive wood panels. The major contribution of the research is the availability of a pilot experimental design for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of structural hardwood lumber. Mechanical properties of keruing timber strength grade hs strength class d50 bending parallel to grain 16. Pdf mechanical properties of sawn timber from norway.
Wood properties density density is the mass of wood per unit of volume. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood species in tropical rainforest ecosystem, ondo state, nigeria jamala, g. D476119 standard test methods for mechanical properties of lumber and woodbased structural materials bending test woodbase structural materials. Physical and mechanical properties of selected wood species. The major wood products we export are paper and paperboard, woodchips, sawn wood and panels. Physical and mechanical properties of cupressus lusitanica. Uniformgrade, asymmetrical mixedgrade, and symmetrical mixedgrade patterns were used to assemble the beam sections. The mechanical properties of wood open education process okfn, india the mechanical properties of wood including a discussion of the factors affecting the mechanical properties, and methods of timber testing samuel j. May 01, 2004 free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by project gutenberg. Timber structures glued laminated timber determination of. Index numbers table 1 provide a convenient means of comparing properties of the various species. The compressive stress parallel to the fibers causes them to buckle or bend as in an endwise compressive test.
One of the major advantages of timber as a constructional material is its combination of lightness with strength. Pdf physical and mechanical properties of timber wood. Tropical wood, tropical species, trade names, working properties, wood durability, mechanical properties, specific gravity, tree product yield, wooddrying, preservation, uses. Progressive lumber operators are carefully studying how to keep their forest. Variation of colour and selected physical and mechanical. However, despite there being a significant volume of small diameter logs potentially available to the timber industry from the sustainable management of these forests, these logs yield poor recovery rates when processed by traditional sawmilling technology. Pdf a lecture material at timber engineering class find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Despite its complex chemical nature, wood has excellent properties which lend themselves to human use. Design values for structural glued laminated soft wood timber for member stressed primarily in bending are listed in nds table 5a. Pdf mechanical properties of sawn timber from norway spruce. Glulam design properties and layup combinations harvest timber.
Winandy, forest products laboratory, usda forest service abstract the design demands of timber construction used in transportation structures, such as bridges, require extended durability and reliability. The project gutenberg ebook of the mechanical properties. Introduction to timber as an engineering material ice. In strength properties other than shock resistance and hardness, it is stronger than most mainland woods of comparable density tables 1 and 4. Comparative strength properties of woods d we are now on the threshold of the timljercrop period, which is based on the conception that timber is reproducible, like any other crop, except that the period of rotation is longer. Kretschmann, research general engineer 51 the mechanical properties presented in this chapter were obtained from tests of pieces of wood termed clear and straight grained because they did not contain characteristics such as knots, cross grain, checks, and splits. Wood, panel and structural timber products mechanical properties density, fibre stress. Perhapsthemostnatural test of amaterials mechanical properties is the tensiontest,in which astriporcylinderofthematerial,havinglengthlandcrosssectionalareaa,isanchoredatone end and subjected to an axial load p a load acting along the specimens long axis at the other. The compressive strength, flexural strength and toughness were determined both per pendicular and parallel to the grain. The mechanical properties of wood including a discussion of the factors affecting the mechanical properties, and methods of timber testing by samuel j. As a result, wood possesses material properties that may be significantly different from other materials normally encountered in structural design. Clearly timber suffers in comparison with homogeneous, isotropic materials such as steel.